Federalism and the United States Constitution

Federalism and the United States Constitution Federalism is a compound system of government in which a single, central or â€Å"federal† government is combined with regional government units such as states or provinces in a single political confederation. In this context, federalism can be defined as a system of government in which powers are divided among two levels of government of equal status. In the United States, for example, the system of federalism - as created by the U.S. Constitution - divides powers between the national government and the various state and territorial governments. How Federalism Came to the Constitution While Americans take federalism for granted today, its inclusion in the Constitution did not come without considerable controversy. The so-called Great Debate over federalism took the spotlight on May 25, 1787, when 55 delegates representing 12 of the original 13 U.S. states gathered in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. New Jersey was the lone state that chose not to send a delegation. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War. As the nation’s first written constitution, the Articles of Confederation provided for a decidedly weak federal government with more significant powers granted to the states. Among the most glaring of these weaknesses were: Each state - regardless of its population - got only one vote in Congress.There was only one chamber of Congress rather than a House and Senate.All laws required a 9/13 supermajority vote to pass in Congress.Members of Congress were appointed by the state legislatures rather than elected by the people.Congress had no power to levy taxes or regulate foreign and interstate commerce.There was no executive branch provided to enforce laws passed by Congress.There was no Supreme Court or a  lower national court system.Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote of the states. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation had been the caused a seemingly endless series of conflicts between the states, especially in the areas of interstate trade and tariffs. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention hoped the new covenant they were crafting would prevent such disputes. However, the new Constitution finally signed by the Founding Fathers in 1787 needed to be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states in order to take effect. This would prove to be far harder than the document’s supporters had expected. A Great Debate Over Power Erupts As one of the most impactful aspects of the Constitution, the concept of federalism was considered extremely innovative - and controversial - in 1787.   Federalism’s sharing of powers by both the national and state governments was viewed to be in stark contrast to the â€Å"unitary† system of government practiced for centuries in Great Britain. Under such unitary systems, the national government allows local governments very limited powers to govern themselves or their residents. Thus, it is not surprising that Articles of Confederation, coming so soon after the end of Britain’s often tyrannical unitary control of colonial America, would provide for an extremely weak national government. Many newly-independent Americans, including some tasked with drafting the new Constitution, simply did not trust a strong national government - a lack of trust that resulted in a Great Debate. Taking place both during the Constitutional Convention and later during the state ratification process, The Great Debate over federalism pitted the Federalists against the Anti-Federalists. Headed by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists favored a strong national government, while the Anti-Federalists, led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, favored a weaker U.S. government leaving more power to the states. Opposed to the new Constitution, the Anti-Federalists argued that the document’s provision of federalism promoted a corrupt government, with the three separate branches constantly battling each other for control. In addition, the Anti-Federalists stirred fear among the people that a strong national government might allow the President of the United States to act as a virtual king. In defending the new Constitution, Federalist leader James Madison wrote in the â€Å"Federalist Papers† that the system of government created by the document would be â€Å"neither wholly national nor wholly federal.† Madison argued that federalism’s system of shared powers would prevent each state from acting as its own sovereign nation with the power to override the laws of the Confederation. Indeed, the Articles of Confederation had unequivocally stated, â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.† Federalism Wins the Day On September 17, 1787, the proposed Constitution - including its provision for federalism - was signed by 39 of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention and sent to the states for ratification. Under Article VII, the new Constitution would not become binding until it had been approved by the legislatures of at least nine of the 13 states.    In a purely tactical move, the Federalist supporters of the Constitution began the ratification process in those states where they had encountered little or no opposition, postponing the more difficult states until later. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution. Effective March 4, 1789, the United States officially became governed by the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Rhode Island became the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790. The Debate Over the Bill of Rights Along with the Great Debate over federalism, a controversy arose during the ratification process over the Constitution’s perceived failure to protect the basic rights of American citizens. Led by Massachusetts, several states argued that the new Constitution failed to protect the basic individual rights and freedoms that the British Crown had denied the American colonists -   the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, petition, and the press. In addition, these states also objected to the lack of powers granted to the states. In order to ensure ratification, supporters of the Constitution agreed to create and include the Bill of Rights, which at the time, included twelve rather than 10 amendments. Mainly to appease Anti-Federalists who feared that the U.S. Constitution would give the federal government total control over the states, Federalist leaders agreed to add the Tenth Amendment, which specifies that, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.†Ã‚   Updated by Robert Longley

Definition and Examples of Parison

Definition and Examples of Parison Parison is a  rhetorical term for corresponding structure in a series of phrases,  clauses,  or sentences- adjective to adjective, noun to noun, and so on.  Adjective: parisonic. Also known as  parisosis, membrum, and compar. In grammatical terms, parison is a type of parallel or correlative structure. In  Directions for Speech and Style  (circa 1599), Elizabethan  poet John Hoskins described parison as an even gait of sentences answering each other in measures interchangeably. He cautioned that although it is a smooth and memorable style for utterance, . . . in penning [writing]  it must be used moderately and modestly. Etymology: From the Greek. evenly balanced Pronunciation: PAR-uh-son Examples and Observations The closer you get, the better you look.(advertising slogan for Nice n Easy Shampoo)The louder he talked of his honor, the faster we counted our spoons.(Ralph Waldo Emerson, Worship)Everything you want, nothing you dont.(a slogan for Nissan automobiles)The milk chocolate melts in your mouth- not in your hand.(advertising slogan for MMs candy)Promise her anything, but give her Arpege.(advertising slogan for Arpege perfume, 1940s)Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.(President John Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January  1961)A day without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.(slogan of the Florida Citrus Commission)I have lovd, and got, and told,But should I love, get, tell, till I were old,I should not find that hidden mystery.(John Donne, Loves Alchemy)He that is to be saved will be saved, and he that is pred estined to be damned will be damned.(James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans, 1826) Oh, cursed be the hand that made these holes;Cursed the heart that had the heart to do it;Cursed the blood that lets this blood from hence.(Lady Annes curse in Act I, scene 2 of William Shakespeares  King Richard III)An Instrument of DelightBased as it is on identity of sound, parison is usually classified with figures of similitude and sometimes associated with methods of amplification, techniques for expanding and comparing. . . . Parison is, of course, an instrument of delight, causing, in [Henry] Peachams words, delectation by the vertue of proportion and number. At the same time, however, it serves a heuristic function, enlarging and dividing a topic for purposes of analysis, comparison, and discrimination. By arranging ideas into parallel forms, whether phrases or clauses, the prose writer calls the readers attention to an especially significant idea; at the same time, however, such an arrangement focuses the readers mind on the semantic similarities, differences, or oppositi ons exposed in parallel structures. . . .Parison- along with its rhetorical cognates- is one of the cornerstones of early-modern English writing.(Russ McDonald, Compar or Parison: Measure for Measure.Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University  Press, 2007) Correlative StatementsHere we have a type of notional structure which involves proportionality. It is seen in such statements as the following:  The bigger they are the harder they fall, The harder they work the sooner they go home. And perhaps even in the well-known adage, As Maine goes, so goes the nation, although the latter example is different in some ways from the former two. Each of these examples  implies a set of conditional sentences, thus: The bigger they are the harder they fall could be broken into a set of sentences, If they are small they dont fall very hard; If they are medium-sized they fall rather hard; If they are big, they fall very hard, where small, medium-sized, and big are matched with not very hard, rather hard, and very hard respectively.(Robert E. Longacre, The Grammar of Discourse, 2nd ed. Springer, 1996)

Intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural communication - Essay Example Today, many people believe that the city is the world leader in many things such as arts, communication and finance. For instance, the city prides itself as having one of the finest and multifaceted ports in the world. Additionally, New York City serves as headquarter to several organizations and corporations including United Nations. Besides being one of the major economic hubs in United States, New York City is also centre of media and communication, publishing and fashion designing (Unites States Census, 2011, p. 1). Demographics Historians describe New York City as the city that continually receives the highest number of immigrants. This is the reason why many refer to it as â€Å"melting pot† referring to the highly populated regions on the eastern parts of the city. With over 800 languages, it is clear that people from different backgrounds have come to live in the city. However, English is the most common language that many New Yorkers speak. According to census report of 2010, New York City has a population of 8,175,133 people. The greatest demographic features of the city remain cultural diversity, as there are people from different backgrounds living there, and population density. ... You will find people from at least every nation in the world living in New York. In fact, the city is home to Indians from the northern hemisphere, Chinese, Jewish community, Africans, and even Koreans. Nevertheless, in terms of race and ethnic composition, the whites top with 58 percent followed by Hispanics at 18 percent and Blacks at 14 percent (Unites States Census, 2011, p. 1). Language spoken at home With almost every community in the world represented in the city, people living in New York speak over 800 languages. In their homes, people from the same background can choose to speak their mother tongue. However, the most dominant language of communication in New York is English, and many immigrants have mastered this language in order to communicate with the natives. Certain homes also use Spanish and it is actually the second most popular language in New York City, Of course, not forgetting the other languages although very few number of New York residents use them. According to the census of 2010, children aged over five years, irrespective of the background of their parents, speak English as their primary language in addition to another language. However, the fluency in speaking English depends on one’s background. Socioeconomic levels New York being an economic hub, the expectations are that many people living there are doing well socially and economically. However, depending on one’s background, the socioeconomic levels are not the same for all residents of New York City. Truth is, many New Yorkers are above the scale economically. However, it is important to note that in any society. We have the low class, middle class and upper class people. Majority of New York residents are middle class with well-paying jobs or own some business

Watchdogs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Watchdogs - Coursework Example Research conducted on fraud has revealed that fraud perpetrators and experts of embezzlement against their employers usually do this as a result of pressure, rationalization and opportunity. In this case, it is evident that pressure, rationalization and opportunity that results in fraud are as a result of poor internal control commonly referred to as sleeping (napping) watchdogs. In the case of opportunity, the perpetrator identifies a loophole in the control system and believes that they can fraud and goes undetected. Those who perpetrate fraud as a result of rationalization do it as a result of uncontrolled personal code of conduct. Perpetrators who respond to pressure usually have financial predicaments that motivate them to steal This analysis highlighted above indicates that watchdogs are responsible for abating fraud crime. In this case, strict measures should be implements in order to accost irresponsibility in the control departments. To address this, watchdogs in corporations should be charged together with the perpetrators. In this case, when a person is caught having embezzled corporate fund, a litigation should not only be brought against them, but also those in charge of preventing such case. The site, Corporate Accountability International, provides a platform where these corporate crimes of fraud and embezzlement of fund can be prevented. The organization, backed by members, activist, volunteers and allied organizations, is positioned to be instrumental in realizing a corporate scene free from white-collar crimes. With a mission of bringing to an end the life-threatening cruelty by global corporations, they ideally positioned to restore a sense of responsibility and accountability to public institutions around the world. Having recognized how global corporations have increasing been operating beyond

American Government Essay Example for Free

American Government Essay The Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia (1967) resulted in the striking down of state laws that prohibited whites and African Americans from marrying. Mildred Loving, one of the parties in the case, issued a statement on the fortieth-anniversary of her case in which she urged that same-sex couples be allowed to marry. Q. Are the two issues—laws prohibiting interracial marriage and laws prohibiting same-sex marriage—similar? Why or why not? I believe laws prohibiting interracial marriage and laws prohibiting same-sex marriage are similar. Marriage is a unique bond between a man and a woman, who agree to live together and fulfill each others moral and physical demands. However, such a bondage between a woman and a woman or a man and a man would be against nature. This is a widely accepted notion. In the Loving v. Virginia case, the judge believed when God created different races and placed them on separate continents. Men should not interfere with His arrangements and should not pursue interracial relationships. However, the ACLU filed a motion on behalf of the Lovings that Racial Integrity Act 1924 and Statutes preventing marriages solely on the basis of classification violates The Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the 14th amendment. This case holds its significance as it redefined what constituted a marriage. Some proponents of gay rights have cited this case in support of a right to marriage. Although opponents argue that this is not viable as the Loving marriage was still between a man and a woman. In the United States, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Americans considered the freedom to choose a marriage partner a fundamental right. The idea that government could interfere with that choice is unthinkable. The case is also significant because it is about how the United States defined marriage. Before 1967, a legal marriage could not be contracted in states with anti-miscegenation laws if the partners were of different races. Thus the case redefined what constituted a marriage. Some proponents of gay rights have cited this case in support of a right to marriage, although opponents argue that this is not viable as the Loving marriage was still between a man and a woman. Randall Kennedy’s Interracial Intimacies, saw that opponents’ arguments against interracial relationships mirrored those of gay  rights opponents. In Loving, Virginia’s Supreme Court justified a ban on interracial marriages by citing religious beliefs. Others argued against it on the grounds that it violated natural order, same is the case with same-sex marriages. the American Psychiatric Association considered homosexuality a psychological disorder until 1973. Marriages are sought majorly as a foundation for having children, the relation to procreation is different in gay relationships. The live-and-let-live phenomenon practiced by most Americans doesn’t apply to this spectrum, as it didn’t apply to interracial marriages before 1967. Majority of the Americans are against it from both the political spheres. President Clinton, during his reign signed the defense of marriage act, which refuses to recognize gay marriages, despite his election platform for gay rights. Also, the lynching of Matthew Shepard in 1998 revealed that homosexuality triggered the same kind of violence and fear that was generated in the past by black-white sexual relations. Plus, a similar inversion of family values appears in opponents arguments against gay marriage and in the historical argument against interracial sex. Casual sex is more tolerable than sex that involved meaning, this stood true for interracial non-marriage relationships and again the same holds true for gays today. However, according to Colin Powell, the analogy of gays to race is wrong, explaining that race is a status and sexual orientation is a behavior. Similar arguments against same-sex and interracial relationships appear in regards to children. There was once total opposition to couples adopting children of different races, and there is still weight placed against allowing a white couple to adopt a black child, he said, because of societal pressures. The National Association for Black Social Workers has said such cases may result in black children having â€Å"white minds.† Similarly, fears abound that adopted children whose parents are gay will be more subject to prejudice, or the child will â€Å"have confusion over their sexual orientation†¦or worse, they’ll end up being gay.†

Breast Cancer In Women :: essays research papers

Breast Cancer in Women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As most of us look ahead into what we expect for our future, we will envision a life of good health, success and family. What if the health factor was not good? What if the woman in the family became ill with one of the most uprising and terminal illnesses. Breast cancer is a type of cancer which develops from a mutated gene. â€Å"One in 10 American women who live to be 70 develop breast cancer, with more than 180,000new cases diagnosed each year.† (Predicting breast-cancer, MSNBC Health News) Most of us, when thinking of the future do not take into account the idea of becoming ill. Yet today, this is indeed an issue that needs attention as early in life as possible. Doctors who work with breast cancer patient are now recommending that women as young as 15 and 16 years old should start with self-examination. But how effective is the self-exam, and other forms of early detection, and does it really help to save women from the disease? This is a question I h ope to address in the following research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self examinations are the most commonly used tests used for detecting breast cancer among women today. The self exam is a simple exam that women can perform on their own with a few simple steps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way of detecting breast cancer is with a mammography. This is an X-ray that scans in make up of the breast to show whether there are and tumors. This is the most effective type of detection to date. (Cancer Facts, Detection. National Cancer Institute) One disadvantage to using mammography is that with mammography, the x-ray picture sometimes detects substances in the breast that are not recognizable. (NCI ) This can cause unnecessary worrying if the substances are not recognizable. NCI is now working on improving the equipment that is available. An extension of the mammography is the digital mammography. This is a computerized image of the mammography. It is able to zoom into areas highlighted and give a clear picture. NCI is hoping to improve the digital mammography so that the sensitivity of the test is greater and able to detect areas with â€Å"dense† tissue.( NCI)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other, not so commonly used tests, are the MRI and ultrasounds. These methods are in the process of being improved to detect malignant and benign tissue. A disadvantage to the MRI is that they are unable to detect small calcium deposits which can have cancerous material within.

What is The Effect of Sociological Factors to Artist Life

A French philosopher and writer, Pierre Bourdieu ( Bourdieu et al. 1990) claims that sociological factors such as education, family background, cultural development of an individual as well as one†s belonging to a specific social class, plays a vital part in interpretation and participation in the Arts. In order to evaluate this argument and make any logical conclusions, it must therefore be examined through evidence which in this case will be referring to an Australian artist, Robert Klippel. Every artist†s career has a ‘shape† or a development which tends to be greatly affected by sociological factors which influence the life of that artist†. (Hughes 1964: 2). Robert Klippel†s career ‘shape† was also a subject to formation which was promoted by factors such as education, family upbringing and background as well as the outer and inner environments which affected the life development of the artist. It is thus essential to consider these factors as they influenced and formatted Klippel†s artistic vocation and career. Robert Klippel was born in Sydney, 19 of June 1920, in a middle class family and became the econd in a family of three sons. His father had emigrated from Poland in 1904 and ran a successful business importing and distributing clothing and textiles. His mother, of English background, had been brought up in ‘English fashion†, educated well and expected to devote herself to marriage and the family. Klippel†s father attended university where he studied philosophy and took an Art theory course. During university years, he developed an interest in the Arts. From time to time he would visit an Art gallery or buy an expensive classical painting. Robert Klippel†s, mother had a passion for classical music and would often visit the opera. However, at that time Robert Klippel had little interest in education in the Arts and was not affected by the artistic family environment around him. Although, Klippel†s parents were educated well, Robert Klippel and his brothers were not encouraged to learn or participate in the arts as Klippel†s parents thought that their children should go ‘their own ways†, it could even be said that they were brought up by the ‘a light hand†- always given opportunities to make their own choices and decisions in life. When referring back to Bourdieu and his argument, it could be argued that even though Klippel†s parents were educated well and may have had a reasonable understanding of the arts, they would not be one â€Å"of refined classification† and certainly would â€Å"lack a mastered degree of artistic competence†(Bourdieu et al. 1990:42) as they could not fully value the importance of education and pass on to their children. However this idea may not apply in this case, as Robert Klippel himself was not affected by his family†s level of education and from the yearly years led an independent lifestyle. Particularly during his youth, Klippel had little interest in any sort of education and with little direction from his parents, he preferred to work on the mill, spent little time doing his school work and became used to fail many examinations. At one time, Klippel even thought that his life was doomed to be a ‘failure†. Klippel†s family was quite financially stable and all the three sons attended secondary school including Klippel himself, who had a careless approach towards education and found that it was not for him. In fact he did not receive any art education or learn much of what he later became interested in. He describes his school years being: ‘uneventful and a waste of time†(Gleeson 1983 :4). However it was during his early schoo years that Klipple developed a passion for sculpture. Robert Klippel†s early life was mostly spent around Sydney Harbour where lived and first became fascinated with ships and boat models. As a young boy, Klippel began making miniature model ships that he often saw on the harbour or in books. An obsessive commitment to model making lasted almost eighteen years which later led to becoming a sculptor. Klippel entered the navy during WWII, where he obtained a job as a model maker. Between 1943 and 1945 he produced many military vessels and aircraft models. The skills developed during this period were vital for Klippel as a sculptor; â€Å"he gained knowledge of volume, mass, proportion and structural detail†(Scarlett 1980: 9). Above all, he acquired a strong desire to find out how things worked which further helped him with his creative process. Klippel obtained some practical skills to be used in his artworks but when referring back to Bourdieu, he had no knowledge of ‘artistic principles† or understanding of theoretical Arts and thus had no ‘means of appropriating works of art†. This also reflected that Klippel had a lack of artistic ideas and inspirations to produce his works although he had a strong desire to make sculptures. â€Å"At twenty-four Klippel was still largely unconcerned with the difference between art and craft: he simply did not care about it and had never visited a gallery†(Hughes 1964:12) Klippel was not exposed to any higher education and he finished high-school with poor grades as he spent most of the time working with wool. He took a wool classing course in 1937 with the support of his father who thought that Klippel would be working with wool as he did not see any other pportunities for his son. However, Klippel himself decided to no longer work with wool and to devote more time to his sculptures as he discovered his passion for Art. The year of 1943 became a turning point for Klippel, as he met a friend Pam Broad, who was a poet and an intellectual, and encouraged Klippel to take up a wood-carving course which taught him how to develop his own designs and models. Pam Broad was appreciative of Klippel†s skill but criticised his lack of originality and knowledge of art. Klippel realised that in order to become a sculptor he would eed to have certain knowledge of the Arts and Pam Broad introduced him to literature, poetry and art as abstract, which Klippel became later involved in. Robert Klippel gradually began to gain artistic appreciation and knowledge of Art and he also found the critical difference between art and craft. Klippel realised that he could now interpret and produce artworks and meanings in ways that before were unknown to him and as Bourdieu states: â€Å"interpretation†¦ is always constituted by the learning ability †¦ in other words discovering meaning using our literary knowledge† (Bourdieu et al. 1990). Klippel put aside his models and began to read and study art books to gain knowledge about art. Pam Broad introduced him to the work of Brzeska, and he read books on Henry Moore and Roger Fly; â€Å"The intellectual discovery of art as a creative pursuit awakened a passion he hardly knew existed†(Watters Gallery 1970:3). By 1945 Klippel has decided that art would be his vocation and that he would become a sculptor. In 1946 he enrolled full time at the East Sydney Technical College to study antique drawing, life modelling and sculpture. During this time Klippel became inspired by nature which became a source of ideas for the sculptor and he noted n his diary that: â€Å"Thinking a lot about nature and its workings, I believe and artist should, when creating, undergo a similar process which occurs when nature creates†(Gleeson1983:4). Although not having received ‘complete† education, Robert Klippel was able to use his skills to produce his models and he found that the knowledge he received himself and with the help of others was extremely useful for his art creation. Referring back to Bourdiue, who stressed the importance of learning and defined the idea of education as â€Å"having a complex code†, which refers to sophistication and ability to distinguish a ork of art in a more refined way, it could be noted that Klippel has gradually achieved this ability through self-education and continuos learning throughout his career. However here the theory of sophistication, family education could not apply as Klippel did not achieve high level of education and obtained valuable qualifications but instead gained self-knowledge which was not perhaps one of ‘fine refinement† but which provided him with a stable base to develop his career. It could be considered that Bourdieu†s theory of education does apply to those with a enuine interest in the Arts and to those who wish to gain precise knowledge of the Arts. Klippel himself realised that his self-discovery of new visions and ideas as well as artistic knowledge helped him with his artistic development. Klippel further developed an interest in abstract art and decided to move to London where he commenced his studies at Slade School of Art. Here he developed his skills as a draftsman, â€Å"which he felt were sorely lacking† (Sturgeon 1978:15). For six months at the Slade School Klippel led a double life. On one hand, he did his formal studies, which he â€Å"hated and found rrelevant† (Scarlett 1980:6), on the other hand, he pursued an independent self-development course in which he concentrated on studying abstract art derived from nature. Learning in Klippel†s opinion was not always a constant necessity and brought use to his work, unlike Bourdieu claims that learning at school and university is essential to develop not only the knowledge but also have access to ‘appropriate culture†. Klippel disregarded culture and education as a means of achieving success but to him art was about self-expression combined with the required artistic knowledge. In 1945 Klippel has constructed the largest and most important of his sculptures and since then he decided to work alone and to no longer have a formal education. An Australian surrealist painter, James Gleeson became a vital individual who influenced Klippel†s career development, he encouraged Klippel to leave Slade School and to work on his own. Gleeson introduced Klippel to surrealism and organised Klippel†s first exhibition in London which they shared together. Klippel found that he had developed an obsession to make art that stemmed from his own life and reflected the world around him as he wrote: â€Å"The artist can show a new world, if he ees and feels enough†( Hughes1964:9). During this period Klippel became financially unstable as the support coming from his father was at an end, as Klippel†s father strongly believed that his children should be able to support themselves in their adult life. Klippel went through a particularly difficult psychological period feeling unstable both emotionally and financially when he could not sell any of his sculptures. Klippel†s works were often rejected as they often classified as ‘self-reflection works† which often reflected the emotional and problematic side of the artist. Klippel was also under pressure from his family, particularly his brothers who had a successful wool business and who financially aided Klippel as he could not provide for himself. Klippel travelled to Paris in hope of selling his works and spent a few months there creating more sculptures relating to nature. He found a studio where he worked and was able to diverse the scope of his ideas so that his works would have a wider meaning and perhaps more people could find appreciation in his works. While living in Paris, Robert Klippel married an American artist, Nina Mermey and decided to travel to New York with her, which he later realised was wasted time† as he could not find any workshops or studios to work in. Again here he was bound to make money on his work but not having achieved that Klippel returned to Sydney. Klippel†s path here was now open to any direction and James Gleeson introduced him to a more comprehensive surrealism which Klippel wished to explore. He re-married in Sydney and in 1966 he established his first workshop. For the first time, his works became appreciated by a large number of artists and art critics. The financial situation became better as some of Klippel†s sculptures were sold. With James Gleeson, another exhibition was held which presented painted landscape by Gleeson occupied by Klippel†s metal objects, it achieved a wide recognition by many fellow artists and the public for the first time. Robert Klippel had many more exhibitions and finally achieved the success he has been striving for since youth. However when looking back at Bourdieu and his theories, it is worth to consider the effect class and position in society had on the artists overall recognition. Bourdieu associates upper class as having â€Å"good taste† as those from higher classes usually relate themselves with an academic institution† and may relate to the Arts, rather then those from lower classes tend to have little or no understanding of Art and in conclusion have no taste, he also relates class to culture, the higher the class the more cultured an individual could be. This view can partially describe Robert Klippel†s life as he comes from a well educated and culturally developed family but not belonging to an ‘academic institution† as described by Bourdieu. Klippel was fairly distant from any art education during his youth and did not attend university while he did poorly at school. Perhaps the lack of direction from his parents and lack of his desire for education resulted in some instability experienced later in his life. Perhaps as a result of that, Klippel had trouble finding a place in the society as an artist as he often felt ‘out of place† with his artistic ideas which for a long period of time received no appreciation. According to Bourdieu, Klippel†s art and his life would be a result of his family social position and cultural atmosphere as well as his own academic achievements. It could be agreed that these factors have had an influence on the artist†s life to some extent. Klippel had few minor cademic achievements compared to his brothers and mostly spent time doing agricultural work. Klippel†s parents exposed their children to art and classical music as they thought that right cultural upbringing was essential to achieve social recognition and success, however, they saw that Robert Klippel had little interest in education and had no hope for him to achieve any academic success, so they allowed him to work on the mill and later with wool. This family upbringing affected Klippel†s life and resulted in his struggle to achieve success and later Klippel himself understood the importance of education and cultural upbringing to achieve Robert Klippel once said that: â€Å"true art arises from inner spiritual necessity and an ability to follow one†s own convictions†. Robert Klippel is known today as one of Australia†s leading assemblage sculptors, he has created an innovative and extensive body of three-dimensional works over a fifty year period. For a long of time, Klippel was not recognised as an artist and he underwent a difficult psychological period throughout the development of his career. However, gradually, Klippel began to understand the influence various sociological factors had on his life. He resumed his studies of Art, tried to market his own works to gain finance and finally became aware of what ‘it takes† to achieve success and recognition. One therefore, after examining the career of the artist, can never wonder as to why so many of Robert Klippel†s works are often a reflection of his own life and his long struggle to overcome the many barriers that he faced as Thus, in conclusion it would be faire to agree with Bourdieu†s views that sociological factors such family background, education, class and social position, have an influence on one†s interpretation and participation in the Arts.

Emotions and memory Essay

In our everyday life, we rely on our memory to fully function. We either have to recall something so trivial such as where we left our keys, or we need to remember names of college classmates that we have not seen for a very long time. Given this fact, we ask, what exactly is memory, what are the processes involved in this cognitive function, and what are the factors that affect our memory? Memory is said to be the process and means by which we retain information and later on retrieve that same information from storage when we need it in the present (Bjorklund, Schneider, & Hernandez Blasi, 2003; Crowder, 1976; Tulving & Craik, 2000). When we experience something, we do not entirely store all the information in our memory. Studies show that there are different techniques that aid in adequate memory retention. There are also several dynamic theories about memory being a storage space for all our past experiences which involve sensory and informative data. Furthermore, there are also various processes through which we could access, recall, remember, or recognize these data in our memory. Although there are extensive research studies about memory and its processes, it is interesting to look at some factors that aid or hinder memory recall and retention. One of these factors which are given particular interest and attention is the role of emotion on our memory. There are instances when we recall a part of our memory in vivid clarity as if it is reenacted in our minds and retrieved in full detail. This is what we call flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977). The reason behind this phenomenon is that the event that happened could be so emotionally powerful that it became strongly retained in our memory. In the event that you experience something that has a very strong emotional impact, you tend to remember the details more clearly and when you need to retrieve that certain information, you would be able to easily recall it accurately (Bohannon, 1988). This could manifest in both the explicit and implicit memory, with the former requiring the person to deliberately pull out the memory from storage and put it out in consciousness, and the latter being an automatic response to the emotional trigger. To further illustrate the capacity of affect to influence memory, a study was made by Heuer and Reisberg in 1990 which showed that materials which show more emotion than similar ones with less emotional impact are more likely to be stored in one’s memory and could be therefore retrieved easily in general and in detail as well (Christianson, 1992). Furthermore, it was also found that the mood or emotion where we were in when a specific situation happened would most likely serve as a retrieval cue when we experience the same mood in the present (Baddeley, 1989). For an instance, when we experience a certain situation when we are in a state of sadness, we would most likely remember the memory of the same experience when we are placed in the same emotional state. This is called the memory-dependent memory effects (Christianson, 1992). Biologically-speaking, the interaction between memory and affect could be attributed to certain processes in various parts of the brain. Brain processes involved in the evaluation of rewards and punishments are directly related to affect in the sense that it depends upon the emotional impact of a certain situation to be determined if it is a form of a compensation or a penalty (Rolls, 2000). Because of this, it could be inferred that since emotion influences memory processes, data-driven information and past situations are stored in our memory in the basis of a reward-punishment system. Essentially, when a certain event, person, place, or thing is categorized as something rewarding, it could be more easily encoded and retrieved. This categorization and selection happens in the amygdala, which is the center of emotional processing, and the data that get to pass through and be encoded encompass the mechanism in the hippocampus, which is on the other hand related to memory. Emotions disinhibit the barrier that the CA3 hippocampal area creates and so the data inputs could then proceed to the prefrontal cerebral cortex to be stored in memory (Neugebauer, et al. , 1999). It is also found in the study by Fast, et al. (1999) that the amygdaloid complex is primarily responsible with the emotional mechanism which affects memory retrieval. Subjects who have lesions in the amygdalo-hippocampal area do not only suffer from amnesia, but they also show significant impairments in memory process related with emotional arousal. The reason behind this is that the AC organizes the information that are encoded, stored, and retrieved in our memory. Another effect that emotion has on memory is what is called by Christianson (1992) as resource allocation effects, which is the impairment of the memory processing when a person experience an extreme or negative emotion or mood during encoding or retrieval. In this case, the person might find it difficult to access his/her memory of a certain situation, person, thing, or place because it has become a somewhat traumatic experience and the emotion that goes with it blocks the memory process. There are also some contradicting views that affect could not facilitate the retrieval or encoding of memory information. Some studies say that experiencing a negative emotion, for an instance, could prevent the person from remembering the details of a certain situation or event. This is the reason why most researchers focus on the determinants and factors which would tell what specific kind of data or information does emotion facilitate or impede. Although most of the existing studies focus on the effects of emotion on the memory processes, there are also some minor studies which show that memories of past experiences affect the present mood or emotional state of a person (Christianson, 1992). Though this angle is not yet looked at more closely by researchers, we most of the time experience this feeling, which we sometimes call nostalgia. Because memory and emotion are such complex topics when studied on their own, it is a more complicated feat to research on the interaction of the two concepts and their effect on each other. However, a lot of studies are being made in order to understand better these two psychological phenomena when they intertwine in their processes and how they affect the human psyche. References Baddeley, A. D. (1989). The psychology of remembering and forgetting. In T. Butler (Ed. ) Memory: History, culture and the mind. London: Basil Blackwell. Bjorklund, D. F. , Schneider, W., & Hernandez Blasi, C. (2003). Memory. In L. Nadel (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of cognitive science, 2, p. 1059-1065. Nature Publishing Group. Bohannon, J. (1988). Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories. Cognition, 29(2), p. 179-196. Brown, R. & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5, p. 73-99. Christianson, S. (1992). The handbook of emotion and memory: research and theory. Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Erlbaum. Fast, K. , Fujiwara, E. , Grubich, C. , Markowitsch, H. J. , & Herrmann, M. (1999). Role of the amygdala in emotional memory. Memory and Emotion. p. 430. Neugebauer, A. , Calabrese, P. , Schmieder, K. , Harders, A. , Ferri, D. & Gehlen, W. (1999). Memory and emotion processing in healthy subjects, focal brain-damaged and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Memory and Emotion. p. 113. Rolls, E. T. (2000). Precis of the brain and emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23. p. 177-191. Sternberg, R. J. (2006). Cognitive psychology. Singapore: Thomson Wadsworth. Tulving, E. , & Craik, F. I. M. (Eds. ) (2000). The Oxford handbook of memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Essays

A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Essays A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Paper A Literary Review Dealing with Nursing as a Profession Paper The purpose of this paper is to present a literary review dealing with nursing as a profession which pertains to health care. There are also five recent scholarly journals that have been specifically chosen, to complete a detailed annotated bibliography. Mullane, M. (2000). A Glance Back in time: future, higher education, and professional development. Nursing Forum, 35 (4), 41-45. Throughout this article the author presented information that demonstrated the concern of the future of nursing. She compares the past and present, stating that we are at a junction which is demanding a choice of direction in which way nursing may go. The direction of nursing is unknown especially concerning nursing education. The future of nursing depends upon many different things, it is affected by progress in health care and by it? s past. The scientific social forces that surround it today enforce it. This all rests upon nurses themselves and is shaped by administrators of our health services and by practicing physicians. The author feels that in the education field of nursing apprenticeship has advantage over other forms of education. She has acknowledged that the graduate is an expert in techniques, however by reinstating the apprenticeship system that was used in the past we will create a greater nurse. After reviewing the literature it is important to assess the level of expertise of the author. Mullane (2000), at the time of publication, had her RN, PhD, was Annotated Bibliography: 3 Dean of the College of Nursing at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. This journal was also one of many journal articles she has written. After completing the review of this research article I was able to determine the purpose of this article was to inform individuals that nursing is at a point where changes need to be made. With all the advancements we have we are able to make these changes to better the nursing profession. The author also suggests that we can return to the way things used to be, with more hands on. The article provides sufficient background information with specific dates and events. The intended audience of this paper was healthcare professionals, nurses, teachers, general public and colleagues. The author painted a picture of a nursing student who graduates out of University is an unprepared nurse not mentally but with hands-on tasks. The only sort of supplementary data this article offered was one other source from the Nursing Forum. Overall, this article is useful for nurses and healthcare professions who are interested in looking into the future of nursing. Annotated Bibliography: 4 Cardillo, D. (2001). Nursing, promote thyself: public relations, professional development and guidelines. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14 (2), 40-49. The author suggested that nurses have been working quietly in the background, with little recognition. Therefore, it is time for nurses to come through and self-promote. The author feels it is vital to the survival and the long-term success of the profession. The article suggests ways to promote yourself as a nurse such as: taking stock of your strengths and assets, become active in nursing associations, when winning an award make it known, attend work-related social events and volunteer on committees. In order to determine the credibility of the article the credentials of the author must be assessed. Cardillo had achieved her RN, BS, is president of Cardillo Associates Professional Development Seminars in Wall, N. J. , also a keynote speaker, author and consultant. I am extremely confident the author is capable due to her credentials and the amount of experience she has accumulated throughout her years of being a nurse. Throughout this article the fundamental purpose is self-promotion in health care and how to accomplish it. This article however, does not deal with a great deal of background information, and does not use any other sources. The scope of the article is towards nurses in general. All the points throughout the article Annotated Bibliography: 5 pertain to promoting themselves. The general usefulness of this work for other individuals who are researching this topic is not extremely important, because they are more self-promotion tips for nursing staff. Annotated Bibliography: 6 Wyatt, J. S. (2001). How do you spell nursing? With a capital ? C?! : Nurses and caregivers. Pediatric Nursing Journal, 27 (1), 103-109. Throughout this article the author explains how nurses have remained dedicated caregivers, however the complexity of caring has changed. She discusses how nurses can strengthen the valuable foundation of caring and make it a greater visible part of the nursing profession. The article states that since the world has exploded with new scientific discoveries, theories and technologies it over powers what health care is all about, caring. She acknowledges the shortage of nursing staff but for many nurses patient care has become a game of ? beat the clock?. They want to see how many procedures, how fast and how efficient. When you look at the task you completed you realize the main goal of patient caring is gone. In order to determine if the author is an expert on the topic her credentials must be discussed. Wyatt has her PhD, RN, CRP and has over thirty years of experience in nursing. Her clinical nursing experience includes practice in intensive care units, community health settings, and as a primary care nurse practitioner and nurse researcher. She also has over twenty years of experience in undergraduate and graduate nursing education and now serves as the Executive Director of the National Certification Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and Nurses, she also holds the leading certification organization for pediatric nursing. Annotated Bibliography: 7 I believe that this authors credentials are extremely impressive making her an expert in the field of nursing and caring. The fundamental purpose of this article is to show nurses what nursing is really about, caring. I t allows nurses to take a step back from their job and realize that maybe they have not been treating patients the way they should be treating them. This article provides a great deal of backgrounds information. It includes many other articles pertaining to caring also providing statistics. The main audience of this article is nursing staff and caregivers. It is geared towards helping them increase there caring towards patients. The general usefulness of this article for an individual who is doing an essay on the selected topic is by reading the article it makes you realize how the profession has changed over the years. It shows what can be done about the mistakes that the healthcare individuals are making and what nursing is really about. Annotated Bibliography: 8 Mee, C. L. (2001). Magic Moments: Nursing Careers. American Journal of Nursing, 31 (8), 6-10. The author presented her ideas on nursing and why she chose to become a nurse. She states the important aspects of a nursing career and the benefits on becoming a nurse. She has many specific ideas on what a nursing career contains she mentioned such aspects as holding patients hands, talking with them, making them smile, being kind, intelligent, making the frail feel sick, having great strength and control. Most importantly being aware that you could contribute to someone else wanting to be a nurse. In order to determine the credibility of the article the author? s credentials have to be assessed. Mee has achieved her RN, BScN and PhD she has the experience of years of nursing and has written many other articles on different aspects of nursing. One aspect of this article that increased my confidence level in the information was the author provided examples of her own nursing beliefs, values and experiences however there were no statistics or charts which decreases the value of research. The purpose of this article is to inform nurses that everything you do, people are watching you and you could impact there future. The author also states her ideas of what a nurse should include. The main audience intended for this article is nurses and individuals entering the nursing field. The general usefulness Annotated Bibliography: 9 of this article for individuals researching Nursing as a Profession is it allows you to absorb what nursing involves and how important a career in nursing really is. Annotated Bibliography: 10 Castledine, G. (2001). Healthcare professions must work better as teams. British Journal of Nursing, 10 (14), 959-964. Throughout this article the author discusses the essential ingredients of an interprofessional team. The essential ingredients are a common purpose, distinct professional skills, and a process of communicating effectively with each other. If each team member represents his/her own profession? s expertise adequately, then all that is needed is a little teamwork. He clearly states that in the healthcare field working, as a team is an essential factor. The author? s credentials are vital to determine the credibility of the article. Castledine is a Professor and Consultant of General Nursing at the University of Central England. I am confident that this author can be classified as an expert on the topic of Nursing as a profession due to his involvement in Nursing. To further his credibility this article was published by a scholarly refereed journal. The main purpose of this article was to inform individuals in healthcare that teamwork is needed to get the job done, without it you create chaos. The main audience of this article is anyone in the healthcare profession or anyone in a profession where you have to work with other individuals. The usefulness of this article for individuals writing an essay on this concept is it shows you ways in which you can improve your teamwork skills, because without teamwork in a healthcare profession you might as well go into another profession. Annotated Bibliography: 11 Conclusion After completing this Annotated Bibliography it is evident that nurses have an extremely large role in the health care profession. Throughout all five articles there was a connection, showing that without certain skills such as caring and team work nursing is not what it can be. The five selected articles within the Annotated Bibliography have provided me with a great source of information on Nursing as a Profession, I now have background information that will be used in every day class work and upcoming tests and assignments. Annotated Bibliography: 12 References Cardillo, D. (2001). Nursing, promote thyself: public relations, professional development and guidelines. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14 (2), 40-49. Castledine, G. (2001). Healthcare professions must work better as teams. British Journal of Nursing, 10 (14), 959-964 Mee, C. L. (2001). Magic Moments: Nursing Careers. American Journal of Nursing, 31 (8), 6-10. Mullane, M. (2000). A Glance Back in time: future, higher education, and professional development. Nursing Forum, 35 (4), 41-45. Wyatt, J. S. (2001). How do you spell nursing? With a capital ? C?! : Nurses and caregivers. Pediatric Nursing Journal, 27 (1), 103-109.

Introduction to an Oligopoly Market

Introduction to an Oligopoly Market When discussing different types of market structures, monopolies are at one end of the spectrum, with only one seller in monopolistic markets, and perfectly competitive markets are at the other end, with many buyers and sellers offering identical products. That said, there is a lot of middle ground for what economists call imperfect competition. Imperfect competition can take a number of different forms, and the particular features of an imperfectly competitive market has implications for the market outcomes for consumers and producers. Oligopoly is one form of imperfect competition, and oligopolies have a number of specific features: Several large firms - Oligopolies generally consist of a few large firms, and this is part of what sets them apart from competitive markets. Similar or identical products - While it is possible to have an oligopoly with slightly differentiated products, firms in oligopolies usually sell non-differentiated products. Barriers to entry - There are barriers to entry into an oligopoly, making oligopolies different from competitive markets with a large number of relatively small firms. In essence, oligopolies are named as such because the prefix oli- means several, whereas the prefix mono-, as in monopoly, means one. Because of barriers to entry, firms in oligopolies are able to sell their products at prices above their marginal costs of production, and this generally results in positive economic profits for firms in oligopolies. This observation of markup over marginal cost implies that oligopolies do not maximize social welfare.

The impact of technology on sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The impact of technology on sports - Essay Example The design and development of sporting equipments and infrastructures needs partnership between all the members involved as well as comprehending between both the science of sports and life. Even if the technology has brought a great impact in the sporting activities, some of the equipments developed in accordance with the current technology contribute very little to the success of a sports person in the games. The world of sports has changed drastically over the years due to the development of technology, which has brought a huge impact in the modern sporting events. However some people think that inclusion of technology in the sports will reduce the pace of the games but others claim that technology make games to be more enjoyable. For instance, when people embrace technology in football most of the blunders that greatly cost playing teams and referees can reduce drastically. Introduction of hawk eye technology brought mixed reactions among various stakeholders in the football aren a. The hawk eye technology in conjunction with the goal line technology will help the referee to make better decisions while in the pitch. In United States of America, the referees have been using instant replays in order to make the correct calls in football. The referees in basketball have also adopted the replay system in modern to ensure that the players are shooting the ball within the period stipulated by a shot clock. The hawk eye technology and instant replay technology has seen the quality of these sports increase at a very great margin (Topend Sports, 2013). Additionally, international cricket has been using the third umpire to replay disputed boundaries and catches, hence improving the quality of the sports in the fields. The economist (2012) states that, â€Å"the Umpire Decision Review System (DRS) has completely changed the sport†. This statement is very true because before this technology came some of the bowlers used to instill fear to their opponents and with the new technology, the observers were able to catch search bowlers. The DRS system has made cricket game to be civil by including a tactical dimension to the sport and the teams can now take part in decision making in cases of a poor sportsmanship. The DRS system has made the cricketers to acquire more knowledge and skills when playing the game and this has made them reap the full benefits of the new technology. The economist (2012) claims that, â€Å"a good captain now must also possess the skill of the judicious review†. This implies that the new technology has really assisted the cricketers in making the correct judgments in case they detect an error in the opponent side. Thus, inclusion of technology in the cricket sport has brought a very great revolution of serenity to the game whereby the people used to relate the sport with violence because of poor decision made by the observers. However, in some sports, the balance seems to sway far away towards the technology beca use of the impact that the technology has brought in these events. According to Kelner (2009), in swimming, Speedo LZR swimsuits that the swimmers are currently using perfectly fit the swimmers body as designed. The swimsuits transform the swimmers body into a surface like that of a dolphin, which have very little similarity with the normal swimsuit. However, this newly designed swimsuit has very little